Program

[Objective] Freshwater fish are becoming the important source of animal protein along with the worldwide shifting of protein needs from red meat (livestock) to white meat (fish). Freshwater fish have high quality of protein and amino acid composition. Several species of local freshwater fish have not been characterized, even though they have a high potential as a source of healthy food based on local wisdom information. Thus, the research aimed to identify underutilized freshwater species based on morphology and DNA barcoding, together with the protein profiles.
[Materials and methods] Fresh specimens of freshwater (five species) were stored at -80⁰C as a whole until used. The morphological identification of the species was carried out by referring to Kottelat (1993). DNA barcoding was performed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) as a molecular marker. DNA was isolated from the ordinary muscles according to manufacturer’s protocol, then the amplification was carried out by PCR. Sarcoplasmic protein fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with 12.5% gel. The molecular weight was determined by Photocapt and ImageJ software.
[Results and discussion] By morphological identification and DNA barcoding, five species were identified as snakehead (Channa striata), striped snakehead (Channa micropeltes), marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata), Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus), and soro brook carp (Tor sp.). Specific primers successfully amplified the fragments of 500-600 bp. Obtained sequence of striped snakehead has been submitted to GenBank with the accession number KU204858. Protein profiles of the five species showed similiarity with 15-18 bands at 6.9-156.3 kDa. The major proteins in snakehead were 15.6 kDa and 38.3 kDa components, 11.3-16.4 kDa and 45.7-59.6 kDa components for striped snakehead, 6.9-15.1 kDa components for marble goby, 6.9 kDa and 39.2 kDa components for Asian redtail catfish, and 6.9 kDa and 34.3-58.5 kDa components for soro brook carp.

[Objective] Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) is one of the marine organisms belonging to the family Syngnathidae. They are unique organisms exhibiting male pregnancy. Seahorse is harvested from the wild throughout the year in Indonesia, then the dried products are traded internationally. However, there have been a few reports on Indonesian seahorse. Thus, the exploration of seahorse was carried out in this study with molecular approach using DNA barcoding for identification of seahorse species accurately. The proximate composition and amino acid profiles were also determined, and the secondary metabolites were further investigated.
[Materials and methods] The specimens of seahorse were collected from the coasts of Sumatera and Seribu Islands, Indonesia. The proximate analysis of water, protein, lipid, and ash was carried out based on AOAC methods. The species identification was carried out by a DNA barcoding method using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) as a molecular marker. The amplification of isolated DNA was carried out by PCR, then the sequences were obtained for further bioinformatical analysis. The ethanol extract from the whole body of seahorse was subjected to phytochemical analysis to determine its secondary metabolites.
[Results and discussion] The DNA was isolated and amplified successfully using the primers as designed from COI gene sequences. BLAST analysis showed that the species of seahorse were H. kuda and H. comes. The results of chemical composition showed that the seahorse (H. comes) consisted of 66.16 ± 0.33% moisture; 22.73 ± 0.17% protein; 1.18 ± 0.23% lipid; and 9.55 ± 0.15 ash. Hydrolysates of seahorse proteins contained the amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, and alanine as the major components. In addition, the results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract contained flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and phenol hydroquinone.

This research is aimed to analyze the chemical and mineral composition of dried red seaweed Eucheuma spinosum from Nusa Penida, Sumenep and Takalar. Analysis of the chemical composition was moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate contents. The mineral element was macro minerals (Ca, Cl, K Mg, and Na) and micro minerals (Zn and Cu). The results of the analysis of carbohydrate content of dried E. spinosum from Nusa Penida, Sumenep and Takalar is 69.07-69.66% and fiber content 15.12-19.89% dry weight. The protein content of Nusa Penida, Sumenep dan Takalar were 6.04-7.33% dry weight. The ash content of E.spinosum from Nusa Penida, Sumenep and Takalar were 23.35-24.66%, fat content 0.012-0.032 dry weight. The macro minerals from Nusa Penida, Sumenep and Takalar were Ca (0455-0796), Cl (0112-0133%), K (2881-3539%), Mg (0395-0582%) and Na (0067-0074) and micro minerals was Zn (4.68-26.37 ppm) and Cu (0036-0175 ppm).

Sargassum hystrix is a kind of brown algae which have pharmacology effects from its metabolic activities. This study aims to know the influence of using S.hystrix powder as an alternative functional food to treat stress-induced Wistar Rats by measure cortisol hormone, the profile of glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and histopathology of the liver. Standard pellet diet of rats, mixed of S.hystrix powder and standard pellet diet, S.hystrix powder each 450 mg/kg were compared with diazepam for anti-stress activities using swimming restraint animal stress model 5 minutes/days and fasting for 10 days. All treatment groups administered orally at dosages 450 mg/kg, while Diazepam as the standard drug of anti-stress was used at 0,18 mg/kg p.o. Both treatment of S.hystrix powder and mixed of S.hystrix powder with standard pellet diet of rats 450 mg/kg p.o showed good anti-stress effect. They can improve and balance all of parameters profile.

Food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries around the world are observing a growing demand for collagen. The widely-used mammalian collagen (porcine and bovine) has significant limitations due to socio-cultural, religious and health-related concerns. Moreover, intense competition exists between manufacturers for acquisition of mammalian sources, which led to increased demand and excessive costs. These urged scientists to find and develop alternatives to mammalian collagen. The fish collagen is not associated with BSE and is acceptable for Islam. Furthermore, the sources are discarded wastes (i.e., scales, skin etc.) of fish processing industries. Therefore, production and application of fish collagen pleases the needs of human consumption as well as reduces pollution. It is assumed that habitat temperature affects the properties of collagen and collagen from warm water fish has higher thermal stability. However, no information exists for acid- and pepsin-soluble collagen (ASC and PSC) from scales of temperate and sub-tropical country fishes. Considering the above-mentioned phenomena, the aim was to clarify the effect of environmental temperature on collagen properties from scales of marine lizardfish (Japan and Vietnam) and freshwater carp (Japan and Bangladesh) fishes.
After pre-treatment, ASC was extracted with 0.5 M acetic acid. For undissolved residue after acid extraction, 1% pepsin was used. The yield of collagen was determined by hydroxyproline content in scales and collagen. Amino acid composition was analyzed by HPLC. For SDS-PAGE, both collagens were loaded onto polyacrylamide gel (7.5%) and high molecular weight markers was used to estimate the molecular weight of proteins. Denaturation temperature was analyzed using DSC.
The crude protein and ash contents were higher in carp than lizardfish scales. The yield of PSC was higher compared to ASC. Both collagen contained major amino acids and glycine was the dominant amino acid found. The SDS–PAGE pattern revealed that both ASCs and PSCs were type I collagens.

This research aimed to determine the quality and the application of natural flavoring powder processed from shrimp waste. This study used a non factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment was addition of wheat flour, consisted of 3 level, namely: without wheat flour added (R0), added with wheat flour 1:1 (R1), and added with wheat flour 1:2 (R2) and repeated in 3 replications. The result showed that the increasing wheat flour added at different ratio was affected to the quality of the flavoring powderbased on the value of taste and odor. Flavoring powder of shrimp contained 17 amino acid, consisted of 9 essential amino acids and 8 non essential amino acids. The highest content of essential amino acid was leusin amounted of 0,362% and the highest content of non essential amino acid was glutamic acid amounted of 0,913%. Odor threshold value on the powder flavor of shrimp to taste was 8% at the ratio of 1: 8. Meanwhile, odor threshold value on the aroma of shrimp flavor powders were 12% in the ratio of 1: 9. The greater the ratio of dilution was formed, the lower shrimp taste and aroma in the shrimp flavor powder, even reduced to undetectable.

Bacterial enzymes associated with the gut of fish are known to aid in digestion and nutrition of the host. Isolation, identification and characterisation of protease-producing bacteria from the gut of rabbitfish Siganus guttatus (Bloch 1787) were carried out in the present study. Protease-producing bacteria were isolated in peptone gelatin agar (PGA) plates and the isolated strains were qualitatively and quantitatively screened for enzyme production. Highest protease activity, 25.32±1.06 U.mg-1 protein, was observed in bacterial isolate PD14. Biochemical and molecular analysis revealed that the isolate is 99% homologous to Pseudomonas sp. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate was deposited in GenBank with accession number KR779515. Qualitative tests on enzyme production through measurement of the zone of hydrolysis further suggest that optimum protease production was 36 h at 40 oC, pH 7-8 in a peptone gelatin agar with 2% NaCl. The data gathered from this study could contribute to the utilisation of such bacteria in fish nutrition or other biotechnological applications.

Phospholipid (PL)-enriched oils were recovered from six species of edible clams, namely Cyclina sinensis, Mactra chinensis Philippi, Mactra veneriformis Reeve, Meretrix meretrix, Ruditapes phliippinarum and Saxidomus purpurata, using a mixture of ethanol and hexane (1:1, v/v). The oils contained a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (26.78-45.36% of total FAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (8.17-10.48% of total FAs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (7.83-21.34% of total FAs). The oils also contained a high percentage of PL (39.86-74.05% of total lipids). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (37.40-52.19 mol%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (34.74-43.10 mol%) were dominant. At least 512, 515, 593, 516, 509 and 508 glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species were characterized, respectively, in lipids from Cyclina sinensis, Mactra chinensis Philippi, Mactra veneriformis Reeve, Meretrix meretrix, Ruditapes phliippinarum and Saxidomus purpurata. Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained PUFA, mainly EPA and DHA, indicating that clam is a potential resource of PUFA enriched GP.

Deep-sea isopod Bathynomus doederleinii is a crustacean inhabiting deep sea and commonly found at the sea around Japan. Deep-sea isopod is usually caught as a bycatch of basket trap fishing, and discarded at the sea because it has no commercial value. Therefore, to utilize the deep-sea isopod as a food resource, its basic nutritional information of the muscle and whole body was examined in our previous study. In the previous study, both muscle and whole body of the deep-sea isopod contained higher amount of crude total lipids than other edible crustacean’s meat did. In the present study, the lipid class and its fatty acid composition of the deep-sea isopod were analyzed.
Deep-sea isopod was caught in the East China Sea by basket trap fishing. Crude total lipids of their muscle and whole body were extracted according to Folch et al. procedure. A silica gel column was used for separating the crude total lipids into the classes, including cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols (TAG), cholesterols, diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). TAG, PE and PC thus obtained were converted into fatty acid methyl esters and individual FAME was quantified by using GC-FID. To qualify the FAME by using GC-MS, DMOX derivatives were prepared from the FAME of crude total lipids.
TAG was the dominant lipid class in the crude total lipids of muscle and whole body of the deep-sea isopod, and it contained high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), such as 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7 and 20:1n-9. The lipids in whole body contained high amount of phospholipids, including PE and PC. The phospholipids contained higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 than TAG did. These results suggest that deep-sea isopod is MUFA and PUFA-rich marine species and can be utilized as these fatty acids resource.

【Aim】Abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino has been exploited commercially as a delicious food for a long time. Although the breeding and economic values of abalone have gained extensive attention, the effects of lipids on its nutritional value have rarely been reported. In this study, the lipid profile including lipid classes, fatty acyl compositions, and fatty acid (FA) positions in lipids from different tissues (foot muscles, viscera and gonad) of abalone were investigated.
【Methods】The lipid profile in different tissues was explored by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). The molecular species were characterized according to the MS and MS/MS information similarity matching to libraries from publicly available databases with data-independent MS/MS acquisition (MS-DIAL). A semiquantitative method using internal standard was established to compare the difference in total lipids (TLs) between different tissues in abalone.
【Results】More than 35 species from 10 major lipid classes including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), triacylglycerol (TG), sterol, terpenoid and FA were characterized. The major functions of foot muscles are movement with high requirement of large amount of energy, the relatively low TG content (male is 18.7% and female is 13.5%) detected in foot muscles can be associated with specific functions of foot muscles. Meanwhile, glycerophospholipids (GPLs) enriched in highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were the major components in all tissues, which accounted for 53-59% of TLs. Considering the high level of GPLs in TLs, abalone might have great potential as a health-promoting food for humans. On the other hand, higher contents of GPLs in viscera and gonad can be well utilized as functional and nutritional ingredients for human as well as growth-promoting diets for some commercial fish.

Microalgae, or better known as phytoplankton, have been introduced as a new food source, because it has excellent nutritional content which is even better than other foods which are commonly consumed by Indonesia people. Among any types of microalgae, Chlorella sp. is one of potential microalgae which is well known as a source of food nutrition. This study aimed to produce raw materials for food industries in the form of concentrates (powder) of Chorella sp. biomass, to analyze its characteristics, and to assess characteristics of cookies containing snakehead fish protein concentrate (Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch, 1793) fortified with Chlorella sp. Microalgae powder was applied in food product in the form of cookies, thus, suitable for children under five years old. This methods research in a several phase,, make a snakehead protein concentrate (O. striatus) fortified Chlorella sp, chemical compostition by AOAC Amino acids method by HPLC, vitamine and minerals by HPLC and AAS, and microbiology analysis by total plate count. Acceptance panelist about product by sensory test. The results showed that Chlorella sp. contained 44.67 % protein, 19.84 % fat, 21.00 % carbohydrates, 4.92 % fiber, and very low content of heavy metals (0.000 277 64 mg • L–1 Pb and 0.000 234 12 mg • L–1 Cd). Organoleptic test on the cookies shows the acceptance by panelists (82.50 % to 98.75 %) in which the cookies contained 21.65 % protein, 12.72 % fat, 54.83 % carbohydrates, 3.68 % fiber, and no heavy metals detected.