Program

The human population is rising at a dramatic rate, doubling from 3 billion in the early 1960s to 6.5 billion in 2008, and currently standing at approximately 7.34 billion. It is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Fish, shellfish and marine algae (seaweed) are considered an important source of essential micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals), proteins, and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and their consumption has been shown to have positive effects in relation to heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, muscular degeneration, some cancers, inflammatory disease to name but a few. In fact over 3 billion people worldwide now obtain approximately 17%–20% of their animal protein from fish. Capture fisheries’ production levels have remained stable at around 90 million metric tonnes since the late 1980s. In contrast, aquaculture has seen an annual worldwide production growth rate of 6.3%–7.8% between 1990 and 2010 and is now the fastest growing food production sector. Since 2014 more than 50% of all freshwater and marine production has been obtained from farming. The majority of aquaculture today (by tonnage) takes place in freshwater (c.60%), with the remaining taking place in seawater (c.32.3%) and brackish water (c.7.75%). Most aquaculture operations take place in the Asia-Pacific region (88%–89% of volume), with the vast majority occurring in China (60%–62% by volume & 51% by global value). However this increase in aquaculture production has, in the past, relied heavily on the use of wild pelagic fisheries, which is unsustainable. This review looks at the various ways in which the fish farming sector is developing new sources of protein from terrestrial plants, biosynthesis and insects and explores and critiques innovative culture practices such as Integrated Multi Trophic aquaculture, aquaponics and totally enclosed offshore cage culture.

The study on effects of biofloc in snakeskin gourami (trichogaster pectoralis regan) culture system on growth performance and fillet quality was conducted by focusing in intensive closed culture system with and without biofloc. The study was assigned in CRD with four treatments and four replicates. Two protein level diets composed by high digestibility materials were applied to snakeskin gourami in intensive system with and without biofloc. The treatments were T1:High nutrient density diet of 38%CP without biofloc, T2: High nutrient density diet of 38%CP with biofloc, T3:Normal nutrient density diet of 28%CP without biofloc, T4: Normal nutrient density diet of 28%CP with biofloc. Fish were culture in 1000Ltank at the density of 30ind./m2 and fed the treatment diet for 12 weeks. The results showed that snakeskin gourami fed 38% crude protein diet with biofloc exhibited the highest growth performance(p<0.05) and low feed conversion ratio (FCR; p<0.05). The high protein diet (38%) demonstrated the high serum protein and hematocrit (p<0.05). The biofloc in culture system both high and normal protein diet groups improved fillet yield (p<0.05) and fillet water holding capacity by reducing drip loss at 72 hr. (p<0.05). Otherwise, the biofloc can increase (p<0.05) the whiteness(L*) of snakeskin gourami skin in fresh fish and dry salted fish. The proximate composition of whole body snakeskin gourami showed the low moisture, high protein and ash (p<0.05) in group of fish fed high protein diet (38%). The high lipid oxidation in dry salted fish after chill at 4oC for 72 hr (p<0.05) exhibited in snakeskin gourami fed high protein diet with biofloc. Therefore, feeding snakeskin gourami with high nutrient diet incorporation with biofloc in intensive culture system can promote growth performance, feed utilisation and fillet quality.

A lower level of dissolved oxygen in the rearing water affected on the rearing performance of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the saturation level of dissolved oxygen (DO) is usually kept as high up to 100% as possible. On the other hand, it is unknown what effect the high DO concentration gives for reared finfish. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high DO concentration in the rearing water on the rearing performance and stress response in red sea bream and Japanese eel.
In order to increase the DO concentration over saturation, the equipment for production of high DO concentration water was used. The freshwater with 300% DO saturation and the seawater with 380 % DO saturation were produced by that equipment. The DO saturation level of rearing water was controlled at >200% (HW), 130-140% (MW) and 100% (NW). The growth of body weight of experimental fishes was approximately 100g. The experimental rearing of Japanese eel was also conducted with the same protocol as red sea bream. In both rearings, the growth of body weight was measured. In the last day of rearing, the blood was sampled from experimental fishes and the cortisol concentration in blood was analyzed.
In the rearing of red sea bream, the growth of body weight was highest in MW and lowest in HW (P<0.05). On the other hand, the cortisol concentration in blood was the highest in MW. In the rearing of Japanese eel, the growth of body weight in MW and HW was superior to NW and the cortisol concentration was higher in MW and HW than in NW. As a result, high DO level beyond saturation gave some stress to fishes and that stress adoption stimulated the feeding behavior.

Thailand has been practicing shrimp culture for more than two decades. Through these years large quantities of feed and chemicals have been applied to achieve high levels of production, treat diseases and maintain good water quality. Due to the intensity of culture systems, water quality needs to be well managed to ensure shrimp are growing well. Excess nutrients from shrimp culture activities would usually accumulate in the pond system and environment. Various attempts have been made in recent years to improve shrimp pond conditions despite practicing highly intensive culture systems to achieve sustainable shrimp farming. One of the most recent technological innovation in achieving sustainable production developed by a group of progressive farmers in Thailand is through microbial management, referred to as “aquamimicry.” Aquamimicry is the intersection of aquatic biology and technology (symbiotic) synergistically mimicking the nature of aquatic ecosystems to create living organisms for the well being of aquatic animals. This system is non-polluting as the entire waste is organically turned into live feed (tiny organisms). The aquamimicry system is found to be free of major diseases that used to plague the commercial shrimp farming industry. Because the shrimp are grown with no stress in a natural system, animal welfare is highly maintained. The main concept to follow in aquamimicry is that during pond preparation, the sediment/soil pH should be 6.9 and free from any pathogen for 7 days before stocking the shrimp. Since its first inception in Thailand in 2015, aquamimicry has been implemented in many countries such as Brunei, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Srilanka and Vietnam. Aquamimicry in shrimp culture is able to reduce costs to 30 %.

Eucheumatoid cultivation continues to expand with a variety of methods that can increase production. This research was conducted during March-November 2015 in Southeast Sulawesi. Indonesia. Results showed that the growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in floating raft net were faster than longline and appeared to have better thallus morphology. Specific growth rate (SGR) of E. denticulatum cultivated using longline in August was low at 1.67 % day -1 and high in July of 2.91 % day -1 for 45 days of cultivation. Utilization of floating raft net appeared low in April was 2.68 % day -1 and the highest in June was 3.32 % day -1. SGR for K. alvarezii cultivated using longline were high in July of 2.9 % day -1 and the lowest in April was 1.71 % day -1 for the cultivation period of 45 days. SGR for K. alvarezii cultivated using floating raft net seemed high in July reaching 3.1 % day -1 and low in April of 2.1 % day -1 for a period of cultivation for 45 days. The cultivation using floating raft net produced good growth rates with no effect of herbivorous attacks.

The study was conducted to compare the growth performance of Kappaphycus alvarezii fertilized with two fish waste liquid fertilizers in various concentrations in hanging long-line for 1 month culture period at Pilaper Island, Masinloc, Zambales. Growth was determined using the data on weight gain.

Internal organs, gills, scales and fins of milkfish and tilapia was the waste which was procured at the local market, and it was brought to the Chemistry Laboratory of Pangasinan State University-Binmaley Campus for the production of fish waste liquid fertilizer. Procedure for fermentation was adopted from Mr. R. Raguindin. The milkfish and tilapia waste were placed in a separate fermented vat and added with brown sugar and Effective Microorganisms (EMO). Fish waste was allowed to ferment for 10-15 days. The liquid fertilizers were harvested by sieving it with the aid of fine meshed net.
The fish waste liquid fertilizer increased the growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii within 4-week culture period. Growth increment was significantly high when fertilized with tilapia fish waste than milkfish waste. The highest gain in weight (169.89g) was obtained for 10 mL/L concentration followed by 4 mL/mL concentration (166.49g), 8 mL/L concentration (142.71g) and 12 mL/L (140.27g) concentration using tilapia fish waste. The growth performance under milkfish waste fertilizer had a gain in weight of 134.7g for 4 mL/L concentration, 116.48g for 8 mL/L, 133.74g for 10 mL/L and 123.54g for 12 mL/L, respectively. This study shows that the two fish waste liquid fertilizers could be used to improve the production of Kappaphycus alvarezii in hanging long-line. Tilapia fish waste is more efficient to use as fertilizer than milkfish fish waste.