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Fishes of the Pomacanthidae, commonly as marine angelfishes, distribute widely in coral reefs of the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. There are at least 8 genera and 82 species of pomacanthids in the world. A great variation in zoogeographic range, fish shape, and size enables pomacanthids the adequate model for phylogeny studied by both molecular (genetic) and otolith (phenotypic) approaches. In this study, four molecular markers (COI, 16s, Rhodopsin, and ETS2) and two otolith morphological methods (morphometry and elliptic Fourier analysis) were examined to aim at the evaluations and debates such as monophyly of Centropyge and Holacanthus, validity of Paracentropyge, and systematics of Apolemichthys arcuatus and Pygoplites diacanthus.

Keywords: Pomacanthidae, molecular marker, otolith morphology, phylogeny

One of the most important problems of Nile tilapia commercial aquaculture is epidemic diseases. The farmers usually use drugs and chemicals to prevent this serious problem, and this effects a residual drug and spreading out of drug-resistant bacteria in pond and environment. Many herbs are considered for alternative antimicrobial agents for prevention and treatment the diseases. For this study, our garlic extract product (GEP) was developed that containing high allicin, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, the major biocompound in garlic. Nile tilapia juveniles were fed with GEP 0.5 and 1.0 %(w/w) added feed (GEP 0.5 and GEP 1.0) that compared to normal feed (control). Blood and digestive tract were collected at 8 weeks after feeding. Immune activities were identified by blood composition (haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count) and humoral immune responses (lysozyme analysis). The specific activities of 4 digestive enzymes, i.e. amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined. Histology of foregut, midgut, and hindgut was investigated and villus height was measured. The growth performances, i.e. weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR), were measured. It results revealed that all immune responses, the digestive enzyme activities and villus height in GEP 0.5 and GEP 1.0 groups were significant higher than control group. However, these values were not significant between two garlic extract supplementation groups. Interestingly, group with higher blood parameters, higher digestive enzyme activities and longer intestine villi related to higher growth parameters and trypsin/chymotrypsin (T/C) ratio. It was obviously that GEP showed trend to enhance growth performance in Nile tilapia. Therefore, GEP might be benefited as a special feed additive in other fish culture instead of antibiotics that will be high advantage for aquaculture safety.

High density stocking often results in slow growth and low survival in aquaculture. This is attributed to diminished space, inequitable access to food, and aggressive behavior as a consequence of crowding and deterioration of water quality at high population densities.Under crowded conditions, aggression depresses growth that results in the deaths of subordinate conspecifics. In non-aggressive species like milkfish, crowding significantly affects size variance hypothesized to have been caused by reduced food access in high density culture where fish are fed from the top.
The study aims to improve yield and profitability of milkfish production in high density culture through bottom feeding. With increased density, yield per unit volume is also expected to increase thus diminish the area required in generating equivalent production at lower stock densities.
Milkfish at densities of 50 pieces m^-3, 75 pieces m^-3 and 100 pieces m^-3 were reared for 120 days in replicated 5mx5mx5m floating net cages in a marine cove with a depth of 10 m and a flow rate of 8 cm sec ^-1. Fish were fed floating pellets through top feeding and hydro-kinetic bottom feeder.
Bottom feeding increased production of milkfish cultured at very high density. Net yield (kg m^-3) increased by 75% with the doubling of stocking density from 50 m^-3 to 100 m^-3. Size variance was reduced and condition index (K) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved. Bottom feeding optimizes food utilization through equitable and better access to food hence, reduces feed wastage. Bottom feeding and high density stocking enhances production efficiency without compromising environmental integrity.

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty 1988) has significant played role to produce carrageenan and it has been mostly cultivated by coastal communities in Indonesia. The objective of this mission is to compare K. alvarezii growth using different planting models and analyze environmental conditions to support its living and growth. This research was carry out in coastal waters of Burung Island, Seribu Island District in the period March-April 2016. Two planting models were adapted using line and vertical floating raft to observe growing of K. alvarezii. Both models of seaweed swelling were observed through daily growth rate and average weight growth during the planting period. While water environment state was used descriptive analyzed to compare concentration value and meet the standard water quality for seaweed cultivation. The result showed that the daily growth rate and weight growth were most high value on the long line method than modification floating raft method, however this model could has a higher production value. Both of method revealed that growth parameter had noteworthy result (P<0,05) according to statistic analysis. Overall water quality circumstance could provision on seaweed development. This research imply that developing the floating raft models must be selected and developed to increase the efficiency use of coastal water area and it is needed to continue the modification and inovation model cultivation finding.

Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) are solid colloidal particles, which have special properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and mucosal delivery activity. In human, CS-NPs has been applied as carrier, adhesive and active molecules to target organs, and enhance performance of drugs. There were few reports of CS-NPs in fish and shrimp. Moreover, there is no any research involving toxicity of CS-NPs in aquatic animals. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by ionotropic gelation technique using commercial chitosan and tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker. Physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles were identified by SEM, nanosizing and zeta potential. It indicated that CS-NPs had size of 274±73 nm with zeta potential range of -11.16±0.467 mV. For in vivo toxicity test, giant freshwater prawn were fed with CS-NPs 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 %(w/w) added feed. Histopathology of interested tissues, i.e. heart, gill, stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas were followed at 2 and 4 weeks of feeding. It showed that heart, gill, stomach and, intestine of groups showed normal cells and distinctly structure. Liver and pancreas tissues of all high dose groups showed abnormal cells In liver tissue, hepatopancreatic tubularis separating from reserve inclusion cells were observed. Whereas in low dose group, all tissue was normal. For in vivo gene expression test, pGFP encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs- pGFP) was used. Giant freshwater prawn was fed with CS-NPs- pGFP 0.1 % (w/w) (1 μg per prawn) for one day. The expression was analyzed under the fluorescent microscope at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after feeding, It showed green fluorescence in all organs such as gill, stomach, intestine, heart, brain and pancreas beginning at 1 day after feeding and increasing till 7 days. We concluded that our chitosan nanoparticles well carried gene for tissue expression with low toxicity in shrimp. Thus it can be continued available as gene delivery system by feed additive for shrimp and other aquatic animals.

A Hill stream catfish genus Glyptothorax were found in fast flowing streams. Due to the resistance offered by the fishes against high speed water currents, an adhesive apparatus (ADH) are developed to help the fishes maintain in the stationary position in high speed water currents. This present study is a first study of ADH of Glyptothorax from the northern of Thailand. An external morphology was studied by camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM), which shown a difference in structure and arrangement of unculi or hooklet from ADH surface. An internal morphology was studied by histological method, which shown a minute structure of tissue layer on the under surface.