Program

The filter net fishery along Iloilo Strait, central Philippines was studied by determining the location and number of gears and its socioeconomic aspect. Moreover, the design of the gears were described. These were located in Brgy. Morobuan, Jordan (68 units) and Buenavista (24 units), Guimaras; Calumpang (18 units) and Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo (45 units), Iloilo City; and Oton, Iloilo (140 units).The filter nets in the strait were made of bamboo poles that were staked in relatively deep waters. The net was attached to the bamboo poles and the mouth opened with the use of ropes at the upper portion of the net and tied to the poles and sinkers at the bottom and faced the current at ebb and flood tide. The cod end was made of fine-mesh netting with no-return valve. The filter net caught everything that went with the current. The catch composition of gears in Morobuan were determined by sampling 6 filter nets every operation from March to May. An interview was also conducted to determine the livelihood of fishermen. Results showed that the catch were mainly small organisms (Engraulids, Acetes sp., fish larvae and juveniles, and invertebrates) indicating that it had no specific target species. Fishermen made use of all fishes caught except for unwanted organisms. This fishery supported the livelihood of many fishermen along Iloilo Strait, especially in Brgy. Morobuan where most residents depended mainly on it. They operated whole year round while it is only from November to May in Oton, Iloilo. Results showed that the fishery posed threat to biodiversity of the area since it was not selective. These results are essential in making policies to regulate fishing especially in Brgy. Morobuan in order to properly manage the resources.

The Philippines is home to the highest number of marine species per square area in the world, gaining the distinction of being the center of marine biodiversity in the world. Unfortunately, it is also considered as one of the hotspots in terms of marine conservation due to numerous threats to its biodiversity. This is compounded by the absence of a comprehensive taxonomic listing of marine species in the country. Here, we present our results and experiences on the application of DNA barcoding to discover new records and new species of aquatic organisms in the Philippines in the past 5 years. We determined first records of commercially important sardine species such as Sardinella lemuru, S. hualiensis, cryptic S. gibbosa in the country. We established the first records of rare and regulated species such as the recently resurrected beaked whale, Mesoplodon hotaula stranded in Southern Philippines, a recently resurrected giant clam, Tridacna noae and the reef manta ray, Manta alfredi. We established the first report in the country of two possible invasive species, the tilapia flowerhorn Cichlasoma urophthalmus sampled from fish ponds in Bulacan as well as the black chin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron in Manila Bay. We provide the first direct evidence of the presence of mobula ray, Mobula japonica sampled from an illegal shipment of dried shark meat and bones. Finally we also present our recent discovery of new fish species in the country, pogi perchlet, Chelidoperca santosi and whitechin surgeonfish, Acanthurus albimento as a result of an on-going project on the inventory and DNA barcoding market fishes in the Philippines. Our results highlight the Philippines as truly a marine biodiversity haven because of the still high rate of discovery of new species and that conserving it should take paramount importance. It also highlights the important role of DNA barcoding as a powerful tool in species discovery and conservation in a marine biodiversity hotspot.

The effects of mesh size, hanging ratio and net height on the capture performance of crab entangling gillnets were investigated in this study. Results showed that mesh size and hanging ratio have significant effects on the capture performance of entangling gillnet. For example, doubling the traditional mesh size used by local fishers in Eastern Philippines could reduce more than twice the number of non-target species without affecting target catch of blue swimming crabs. In addition, the number of small-sized crabs caught also decreases with increasing mesh size. Increasing the hanging ratio results to the capture of non-target species and a reduction in crab catch. Modifying net height also affects entangling gillnet performance. Very low net height results in the reduction of capture of non-target species including target crab catch. In contrast, the use of nets with higher number of meshes leads to capture of a high number of non-target catch. These results show how technical modifications of crab entangling gillnets may lead to species- and size-selectivity of this fishing gears. These results are useful to fishery managers in crafting regulations towards a sustainable crab fishery.

Indonesia has natural resources abundant marine and coastal waters with an area of 6.32 million km2 that it contains coastal resources such as coral reefs, fish, mangroves and other marine life. These resources are the main target of the activities of coastal communities to catch fish with bottom gill net. To catch demersal fish, fishermen normally enable transfer surface gill nets to bottom gill net, by adding weights to the foot line. This additional weights function, to sink the net as a overall, increase the speed of sinking and maintain the shape of the net, so that the net can have a shape expected or rectangular while operating in bottom waters. Operation nets are usually done on coral reefs, because fishermen believe when the net is operated on a coral reef then catches obtained better. But otherwise, the operation on a coral reef can damage the coral reef substrate, due to the lower net direct contact with the seabed, even other organisms which symbiosis the reefs will upraised with the catch. If the operation continues could give a negative impact on the ecosystem can bottom waters. Although the bottom gill net fishing gear has been developing states for a long time, but the efficiency and selectivity still has potential for development, to fulfill the criteria of environmentally friendly fishing gear and sustainable. The bridle line mounted at the bottom of the net is used as a parameter to measure the damage caused by the operation of the bottom gill net and to lift the foot line and the weight of the bottom waters. However, in this study the shorter the size of the bridle line will increase the number of coral rubble and use bridle line can reduce catches decreased significan with a length of bridle line that is used.

Trawling is one of the very important fishing methods used in fisheries. It involves a coupled system, with the fishing vessel as an elastic structure and the fishing gear as a flexible structure. While towing a gear of large size, the trawler is subjected to changes in course, speed, and wave action, and its mobility is restricted. In addition, the gear towed by the trawler undergoes changes in shape and behavior according to the behavior of the trawler, especially in the cases when the trawl is operated under harsh sea conditions. Therefore, understanding of the interaction between the fishing vessel and the fishing gear is important for proper handling of the gear to increase fishing efficiency and improve the safety of the vessel. This study presents an interaction model using a coupled system comprising the vessel and the gear to reflect the influence of oceanic factors such as currents and waves; the model can also be analyzed in a time domain. The effect of fishing gear on the fishing vessel is analyzed using a numerical method to obtain the decrement in vessel speed during operation. Furthermore, the mutual interference between the stern of the trawler and trawl doors is also analyzed considering the amplitude of vertical oscillation under different conditions of wave height, wave length, and wave periods. The results will be helpful in understanding the fishing gear behavior from the point of view of gear handling and safety of the vessel.

【Objective】This study aimed to reduce the hydrodynamic force acting on a beam trawl for energy saving.
【Materials and methods】The total length of the beam trawl used in Kochi Prefecture was 15.5 m (head rope: 10.8 m, ground rope: 16.3 m). The beam was 7.5 m long with a diameter of 10-15 cm. Two model experiments (Ex.1 and Ex.2) were conducted in a flume tank, and field experiments (Ex.3) were carried out in Kagoshima Bay.
Ex.1: The hydrodynamic force acting on the beam was measured using a three-component load cell at 100 Hz for 20 s. The model of beam was 107 cm long with a diameter (D) of 1.5 cm. The width (WC) of cloth covering the beam was varied from two to ten times of the beam diameter (2D - 10D). Ex.2: The hydrodynamic force acting on the beam and net was measured by using a one-seventh scale model of beam trawl according to Tauti’s law. Tension sensors were connected to both the warps to measure the tension at 20 Hz for 20 s. Flow speed was 0.32 - 0.95 m/s, which was equivalent to the prototype being towed at 1.0 - 3.0 knots at sea. Ex.3: The warp tension of the beam trawl at towing speed of 2.0 knots was measured with tension sensor by covering the beam with cloth (Wc = 3D and 4D).
【Results】Ex.1: The drag coefficient of the beam and the beams covered with cloth (Wc = 3D and 4D) were 1.52, 1.08 and 1.07 respectively. Ex.2: The hydrodynamic force acting on the beam trawl on covering the beam with cloth (Wc = 3D and 4D) was estimated to decrease to 36.3% and 23.7% as compared to that without cloth. Ex.3: The warp tension of the beam trawl on covering the beam with cloth (Wc = 3D and 4D) reduced to 10.4% and 7.7% during the operation.

The research related to efficiency of boat lift net, using LED light, is very important to be conducted due to very limited research and information about the application of LED light on liftnet fishery in Indonesian waters as tropical region. The purposes of this study are to determine the light illumination of LED and mercury lamp and to determine the catch efficiency on both lamps. This study was conducted in the laboratory of Simulation Workshop and Navigation of Pangkep Agricultural Polytechnic and fishing experiment was performed in the waters of Barru District, Makassar strait, South Sulawesi. The light intensity was measured by using a digital lux meter and underwater lux meter. The analysis of light intensity distribution showed that the illumination distribution of 80 watt LED is more focused with 1096 lux at the angle of 168º, while mercury lamp is more focused on 250 watt mercury lamp with 634 lux at the angle of 180º. LED light is more feasible technically and economically since it is better when compared to mercury lamps with a value of 48% and 26% for technical and economical efficiency.
Key words: boat lift net, catches, efficiency,LED lamp,mercury lamp

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a closed net are important basic knowledge for designing trawl net. Furthermore, catchability and selectivity of trawl net depend on velocity distribution around the cod-end; however, the measurement of velocity distribution is difficult in flume tank experiment. In this study, drag force and velocity distribution of a pyramid shaped net were estimated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The pyramid shaped net with the net mouth of 0.25 m x 0.25 m and length of 0.50 m was employed for the analysis. Here, several types of mesh size, twine diameter, and hanging ratio were tested. The inlet velocity was set as 0.5~2.0m/s.
The following results were obtained:
1. For validation of CFD analysis, computational drag force of a panel net used in the pyramid shaped net was compared with the previous experimental study. The relationship between drag force and angle of attack showed similar tendency with the experimental study.
2. The computational drag force of pyramid shaped net was in proportion to inlet velocity to 1.81~1.87 power.
3. The mesh factor (= area of twine / area of net) of each net was compared with the drag force. The drag force was in direct proportion to the mesh factor when the mesh size and the twine diameter were modified. In contrast, as for the hanging ratio, the drag force decreased as the mesh factor increased.
4. The velocity of inside net was slightly decreased as the mesh factor increased. Therefore, some streamlines could not enter the net, and come around behind the net when the mesh factor was large.
In this study, we can obtain the basic knowledge of hydrodynamic characteristics of the pyramid shaped net including velocity distribution around the net, and CFD analysis is helpful for designing trawl net.

To understand the response of fish species to climate change, it is necessary to evaluate the correlation between ocean temperature and genetic variation of the population and determine whether temperature is the major evolutionary force shaping the pattern of genetic variation among populations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were applied to characterize the phylogeography pattern of a cold water species, the Japanese sand lance Ammodytes personatus, in warm and cold ocean currents to assess the effect of sea surface temperature on the genetic structure of this species. A total of 211 individuals sampled from 12 populations through the species’ range, including samples from Kuroshio Current, Oyashio Current, Tsushima Current and Yellow Sea, were analysed. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) analysis clustered these populations into two genetically and geographically distinct clades (northern and southern clades) characterized by different sea surface temperatures. The incongruence between nuclear clades and previous mitochondrial lineages suggested that A. personatus is indeed composed of at least two genetically divergent cryptic species. Local thermal adaptation, population competition and competitive release may explain the observed geographic pattern of two cryptic species Our findings revealed that Kuroshio Current-Oyashio Current-Tsushima Current systems provided an ideal natural setting to infer how sea temperature affects genetic structure.

Around northern Japan, walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is one of the most important fisheries resources. The northern Japan Sea stock (JSS) and the Japanese pacific stock (JPS) of walleye pollock are mainly distributed in the Sea of Japan and the Pacific coast off Hokkaido Island, respectively. The biomass of both stocks has been estimated by virtual population analysis (VPA). The biomass of JSS has declined since around 1990 due to decreasing of the recruitment, defined as the number of age-2 fish, and has not recovered. On the other hand, the biomass of JPS has fluctuated but has been relatively stable in the last three decades. Strong year class occurred an interval of several years and sustained the biomass of JPS. Since around 2005, acoustic surveys for larvae and pelagic juveniles of both stocks have been conducted. From relationships between the abundance of larvae and pelagic juveniles estimated by surveys and the age-2 recruitment estimated by VPA, the recruitment of JSS will be determined mainly by pelagic juvenile period, two to four months after spawning, but that of JPS is not determined within a half year after spawning. For JSS, the effect of body size and growth rate in larval and early juvenile stages on recruitment success would be small and other events in early life stages, such as egg transport, may have a major impact on establishing their recruitment. JSS larvae inhabit same area until recruitment, but age-0 juveniles of JPS migrate eastward according to their growth. The change in habitat of juveniles might cause the differences in the fluctuation and the timing of determination of the recruitment between two stocks. For JPS, not only the events in egg and larval stages, but the growth and survival in juvenile stage may also be important to recruitment success.

The population of Indian glassy fish (Parambassis aff. ranga) is now dominating fish community in Cirata Reservoir. It is unknown the time when this transparent fish was firstly introduced. In fact, this species has already widely distributed in many lakes and reservoirs in Indonesia and becoming nuisance to other fishes especially those natives and endemic ones. They are naturally native to Asia regions including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia. The present study was aimed to investigate growth and reproductive ability of the Indian glassy fish by taking into account sex ratio, gonadal maturity, fecundity, spawning mode, and growth aspects. About 1,560 individual glassy fishes were collected for 8 weeks with weekly interval. Each week, fish was collected from 3 stationed lift nets every 2 hours to make total 24 hours observation. In laboratory, fish was observed for length-weight measurement from which fish growth was analyzed using NORMSEP method. Sex and gonad examination was conducted of which those fishes with the 3rd and the 4th gonadal stage were counted for eggs number and measured for eggs diameter. Indian glassy fish in Cirata Reservoir showed a positively allometric growth, with asymptotic length of 46-49 mm, growth coefficient 0.11-0.25, indicating that males are larger than females. From reproductive aspects, the fish reproduces every week with the reproduction peak found at the 4th and the 8th week. The reproductive strategy showed partial spawner mode with reproductive potential more than 47,000 eggs. Based on growth and reproduction facts, the invasiveness potency of this fish is discussed.

Kata kunci: Indian glassy fish, growth, reproduction, Cirata Reservoir, Invasive

The Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna lewini) is a highly migratory coastal and pelagic species that is an important component of the catch of artisanal and semi-industrial fisheries in the Mexican Pacific. This species is particularly susceptible to overfishing because of its slow growth, low fecundity, late age of maturity, and dependence on the coast for reproduction. Recent work suggests that chemical signatures derived from trace elements deposited in the vertebrae of sharks during growth reflect the environmental conditions of the surrounding water mass in which they have been exposed. Since S. lewini is a viviparous species displaying a long gestation period, the microchemical signatures deposited in the vertebrae of developing embryos could potentially provide a maternal tag reflecting the habitats occupied by their mother. This offers great potential to examine questions related to habitat use change, dispersion patterns, connectivity, and philopatric behavior of pregnant females indirectly by analyzing the in utero vertebral elemental signatures of the coastal juvenile stages of their offspring. This study attempts to validate the use of in utero signatures as maternal tags during the gestation period by comparing LA-ICP-MS derived elemental signatures in the vertebrae of pregnant mothers with their corresponding embryos.

Pueraria candollei, or white kwao krua in Thai common name, was reported that it consisted of high effective phytoestrogens, miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol. These phytoestrogens, in human, have been benefit in nutrition supplement and alternative pharmaceuticals. In this study, we produced its two extracts with aqueous base (WKK-A) and ethanol base (WKK-E). Compositions in our extract products were identified by indirect ELISA and HPLC techniques. For indirect ELISA to measuring miroestrol, WKK-A had 23.23 ± 1.39 ug and WKK-E had 52.23 ± 4.47 ug. For HPLC analysis, it showed that WKK-A mainly consisted of daidzin, glycitin, genistin and malonyl genistin. Whereas WKK-E mainly consisted of malonyl daidzin and malonyl glycitin. For study of the extracts to fish, marble goby juveniles were fed with each extracts added sea bass commercial feed 0.5 % (w/w). Fish fed with blood worm and commercial feed as natural feed (N feed) and control (C feed), respectively. Digestive tract, muscle and growth parameters were performed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of feeding. The digestive tract was investigated for histology and 4 digestive enzymes; amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Protein profile of muscle and digestive tract were revealed by 2D–PAGE and MALDI-TOF techniques. The growth performances, i.e. weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR), were measured. It illustrated that all enzyme activities of KWW-A and KWW-E groups showed no different from N and C feed groups. Whereas growth parameters (WG, SGR and FE) were raised higher than that of 2 control groups especially at 12 weeks. For histology analysis, intestinal villi of KWW-A and KWW-E groups were more dense and longer than control. For protein patterns of muscle and digestive tract, it showed that some proteins involving growth pathway were high expression. Therefore, we concluded that our KWW extracts have helpful to increasing weight in marble goby. This will be also benefited to develop growth enhancing feed in other fish feeds.

Introduction
Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a promising cloning technique between species that can be applied to sturgeon, who are critical endangered mostly because of their precious row. By using the cytoplasmic environment of a sterlet’s oocyte, considered to be the model-species for sturgeon, and introducing a fin cell from a russian sturgeon, the most favorite sturgeon for caviar consumption, a whole new organism could be created. In this project we succeed establishing the basic steps of iSCNT according to sturgeon’s biology: fin-tissue dissociation, suitable extender solution and incubation-time after the nuclear transfer. After iSCNT one feeding larva was created (0.5%), exhibiting two ploidy levels and sharing the DNA between donor and recipient, as non-enucleated oocytes were used.

Materials and Methods
Five extender solutions tested: PBS, PBS with 1% egg white, PSACF (Persian Sturgeon Artificial Coelomic Fluid), filtrated water (15oC) and PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) with 1% BSA (Bovine Serum Albumine) in 40 oocytes/petri-dish x 3 females in different incubation periods 0, 30, 60, 90 min. Russian sturgeon’s fin-tissue dissociation achieved with 0.5% trypsin solution and 0.05% DNAse (x800 g). Single iSCNT was performed (n=210) using a shallow-depth microinjection in the animal pole of sterlet’s oocyte. All groups were kept in optimal temperature conditions (15oC) during embryonic and larva stages. All fish fed with tubifex sp..

Results and Discussion
PSACF proved to be the most appropriate extender medium as the sterlet oocytes exhibited the best fertilization rates when they were incubated in it for 30min. The donor-fin tissue dissociation succeed in 95±5% cell viability and 27.5±1 cells/ml PBS cell density. After the single iSCNT the transplants’ survival rate at blastula stage was 6.7%, at gastrula 4.8%, at neurula 1.4% and at feeding stage 0.5%.